Mahogany Hepplewhite Chair - Georgian Chair - Sheraton Style Arm and Single Chair in Mahogany

A mahogany Hepplewhite chair of pleas the late eighteenth century arms show the more restrained curves of the seat, legs and stretchers are still bold and firm in proportion.
Value points: Quality of back splat carving.
A Country Hepplewhite design chair, c.1795, of a type most frequently found made in elm. Normally they are stained or varnished to look like mahogany, and have been stripped and polished later if now in the natural
wood. The design is known as a camel-back and is a logical development of the town-made mahogany one; simpler in execution and less decorated.
Hepplewhite shield-back chair c.1790. The carving of the back is of particularly fine quality. The tapering legs are fluted and the decoration of brass studs adds further ornamentation. Normally executed in mahogany. Front legs end in spade feet.
Price Range: Considered by many to be a high point in English design, original shield back Hepplewhite chairs fetch very high prices. Those below are an indication.-
A country version of the two previous Sheraton style chairs, c.1810. The seats are solid and the back leg and upright very much straighter and rigid, with very little rake. The backs are also simplified; the front stretcher
is placed high between the two front legs as with earlier chairs instead of between the two side stretchers.
A later Georgian chair of Sheraton influence, c.1800, in the back but with arms more associated with Hepplewhite styles. The tapering front legs and the back are moulded; a mark of quality.
A mahogany chair of c.1790 of a design also associated with Hepplewhite although some of the conflicting trends of eighteenth century designs are evident in the square legs and eight pointed wheel effect. It is a fairly simple version of a beautiful design and represents a considerable accomplishment in craftsmanship. Note that the front legs end in spade feet.
A Sheraton design chair of considerable workmanship, c.1795. Many such chairs are to be found painted in white and gilt or otherwise having painted decoration on birch or beech wood. In the main the painted versions are more highly sought after than the mahogany ones, which makes for higher prices. Note the turned and fluted legs. The arm uprights have spiral reeding.
A Sheraton design arm and single chair in mahogany, c.1795. The uprights and arms are reeded, which lightens the square solidarity of design. Note the vase shaped turned arm supports and the way in which the
broad top rail is panelled.
A Sheraton style arm and single chair in mahogany, c.1800. The legs and back uprights are reeded; this effect is also carried round the panel in the wider top back rail.
Late eighteenth century arm and single chairs, c.1800. Note the broad top rail in the back, the panel veneered in figured mahogany. The spiral twist middle rail is a feature of quality particularly important in value assessment of these chairs. The legs are turned, without any fluting. The arms of the elbow chair sweep forward and curve down to meet the line of the front legs. The proportion of these admirable smaller dining chairs makes them extremely popular in the modern home.
Another late Georgian c.1810 mahogany armchair, something of a combination of Sheraton and prevailing styles. The wide top back rail is veneered with a panel of figured mahogany and the centre rail is elegantly
reeded. The turning of the front legs and the arm supports, with the popular vase shape, is lightly and gracefully done. Occasionally brass stringing will be found around the inlaid back panel, which adds to the
decorative value.

CHAIRS  rocking and special purpose
A typical Edwardian child’s chair in birch or beech, originally either white-painted or stained. The lower mechanism allows the chair to be set in a lower position or, additionally, to rest as a ‘rocker’ on the ground. Quite a common and popular child’s chair in the pre-1914 period. 1900-1914
A typical turned spindled rocking chair of a type made in large numbers. This example has been recovered.
A folding ’safari’ chair, shown both open and closed, suitable for collapsing and portage by a bearer. The turned legs unscrew from the frame for further dismantling and carriage. It is made of mahogany with cane seat and back and is quite strong. When the lady concerned was tired, the chair was easily set up and she could be carried by native bearers. Made by Ward & Co. until the 1920s.
CHAIRS  small Edwardian oak
The period from 1900 to 1914 saw the mass production of a large number of small chairs of rather square proportion, made in oak. Some had drop-in seats, some were rushed, some simply webbed and upholstered with a shiny rexine covering. Their design was quite simple and functional; the legs were either square section tapering or turned and the back, fairly severe in outline, leant sometimes to the 18th century and sometimes to more modern, art nouveau designs for its style. Individual comment on each version would be
either unrewarding or unwise. Suffice it to say that they are still a source of cheap matched seating. The selection below and on the opposite page shows a small part of the total variations that were made. 1900-1914
CHAIRS  corner
Here is an early 20th century reproduction of a ‘Chippendale’ type, with a drop-in rush seat. The square legs and turned back supports are correct copies of the original, as are the fretted splats which are a Chippendale design. This version is made in oak to accord with the ‘country’ connotations of the rush seat. If made in mahogany, the drop-in seat would be upholstered. Would almost certainly be sold as 18th century. 1900-1910
A rather feebler version with a half-circular back rail and a single central splat inlaid with a Sheraton ,shell’. The thin seat and spindly legs make it look easily destructible. An intermediate step to a rounded chair  the next stage is to make the seat round instead of square. 1900-1914
There seems to have been a revival of the corner chair, which had languished after the end of the 18th century, in the 1870s. Why is a mystery, for it is an essentially masculine, leg-separating and inconvenient form. Richard Norman Shaw designed rush-seated corner chairs for E. W. Horsley’s house Willesley, with a cabriole front leg and rather early 18th century form, stained green, in the late 1860s and, before that, a type based on late 17th century models for his own office. The corner chair fascinated Shaw, so perhaps he is responsible for its revival; his interiors show several types. It is clear from furnishers’ catalogues that, by the end of the century, there was a steady demand for them.
Another more Edwardian variant in the mahogany corner chair  the splats are of 18th century design origin but the top rail at the corner has been embellished with the pedimented shape so dear to Edwardian hearts. The seat upholstery is fixed and finished with brass studs round the edge. 1900-1914
And here it is  the fully rounded `corner’ chair in which the seat as well as the back rail are of circular shape. There is now no particular reason to think of it as a corner chair except for the centrally-placed front leg, which ensures a limb-separating posture for anyone seated straight on the chair.
A mahogany corner chair of much more Edwardian form but still based on 18th century design, this time late Sheraton. The drop-in seat is covered with tapestry and the back has an inlaid satinwood ’shell’ in it.

Chippendale dining chair

Historical background
Designs for Thomas Chippendale’s chairs were freely available once his pattern book, The Gentleman and Cabinet Maker’s Director was published in 1754 and were
Signs of authenticity
1. Solid, heavy mahogany, smooth and silky to the touch.
2. Underframes of beech, plane or sycamore.
3. Crest rails fitting into tops of side rails where design scrolls outward-curving.
4. Crest rails fitting between curving side rails where design is rounded.
5. Drop-in or overstuffed seats.
6. Separate shoe-piece attached to back of seat frame.
7. On chairs with cabriole legs, deep apron with rounded corners to seat frame.
8. On chairs with square legs, square corners to seat frame.
9. Seat frames on early dining chairs straight (not dished until c.1780).
10. On chairs with arms, arm supports set back almost half the depth of the seat, screwed with hand-cut screws, the screwholes concealed by plugs or dowels, now virtually invisible.
Likely restoration and repair
11. Later carving and fluting to legs – carving will not stand proud of silhouette.
12. Broken back legs repaired or replaced, by dowelling into sawn ends on the line of the apron.
13. Drop-in seats replaced with overstuffed – the apron beneath the seat material will be
polished like the rest of the frame, not left plain or made of correct underframe wood.
14. Heavy carved decoration on back side rails – either carved later, or a marriage between a late Victorian copy and a period chair. Correct decoration for period was plain or fluted.
15. Later, Victorian cabriole legs dowelled into underframe to replace broken originals. Bandy-legged appearance where not enough thickness of wood has been used for the legs.
made with modifications and variations by numerous furniture-makers throughout the period 1754-80.
The main shift in design from previous shapes was the squared, almost over-running shape of shoulder and crest rail, and the pierced and carved central splat. Mahogany was used almost exclusively for dining chairs of this period: its immense strength and density allowed pierced work of great elaboration. The beginning of the period maintained rounded
corners to chair seats, but once Chippendale reintroduced plain squared legs, seat corners were also square.
Chippendale chairs were made in sets for dining rooms. Their backs were lower to allow the newly adopted custom of dining d la Berline – with footmen serving dishes individually, instead of the hitherto traditional English way of dining, from a side table heaped with food.
Construction and materials
Throughout the Chippendale period, dining chairs were made in solid mahogany, oiled and rubbed smooth with brick dust or sand to a glossy, silky finish. The backs of chairs were lower, with square shoulders often terminating in small upward-curling scrolls. There were two types of construction: the traditional, with the crest rail fitting between the two side rails which curved inward towards the centre, and the innovative, with the crest rail almost over-running the outward-curving side rails, like a cupid’s bow. On chairs with arms, the supports were higher and the arms ran almost parallel with the seat, fixed to the sides of the seat frames almost half way back, to allow for fashionable full skirts.
Detail
Although the central splats, crest rail and legs were profusely decorated, the stiles were seldom carved, but left plain or fluted. Seats of chairs were sometimes overstuffed or had deep decorative aprons, often serpentine in shape.
It is surprising to learn that the technique of lamination was first used for the fretted backs and ornament of the Chippendale period. Layers of veneer of alternating grain were glued together and then cut with a fret saw into intricate shapes.
Variations
Simplified variations of Chippendale’s designs were made by most country furniture-makers, usually in oak, but also in elm, beech, ash and fruitwoods. They had plain wooden seats made of planking nailed to the underframe, usually in more than one piece, with the grain going from side to side. Occasionally they are to be found with rush seats.
The designs of the back include the crudest cut-out work – most commonly a curving variation of four or five straight splats, either in a wheatsheaf shape or an open vase or violin shape. Most widespread and enduring are those made in a
simplified ladderback design. Legs are square, sometimes slightly chamfered on the inner sides. The back stretcher is still set higher than the front, and the two side stretchers are parallel. The tops of the front legs form the sides of the seat frame, and there is usually a fairly deep apron.
Below left: classic example of later Chippendale, c.1700, ladder-back.
Centre: a provincial vase splat. Right: classic North country ladder-back.
Far right: nineteenth-century ‘ribband-back’.
Reproductions
Nineteenth century
Provincial furniture-makers were often as much as 50 years behind the most recent fashions, and ‘Chippendale’ chairs were still being made at the beginning of the nineteenth century. By the mid-nineteenth century they were being made by many furniture manufacturers, slightly modified, with rather meagre cabriole legs, or with the slimmer, scrolled leg and foot typical of the later period of Chippendale design. Often designs such as the ribband back and its variations had square legs and stretchers instead of cabriole legs.
Many Chippendale-style chairs were mass-produced for public rooms, assembly halls, hotels and board rooms, with machine-cut central splats, square, leather-covered seats, often dished, and with the shoe-piece made as an integral part of the back seat rail. Quality of materials and craftsmanship divide the mass-produced from good Victorian copies, which today are fetching extremely good prices.
Price bands
Late eighteenth-century mahogany, £400-550 each. Set of six, £5,000-7,000.
Country versions, £120-190. Set of six, £2,160-3,420.
Nineteenth-century walnut, £350-400 each.
Nineteenth-century mahogany – set of six, £3,000-4,000.